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The analyzer must operate using a high precision, low drift technique commonly known as
Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy (CRDS), utilizing a time-based measurement.
There must be no laser light injected into the cavity during data acquisition to ensure very
low noise to the ringdown signal.
The analyzer must have cavity temperature stability of +/- 0.005 °C and cavity pressure
stability specification at +/- 0.0002 atm of atmospheric pressure.
The analyzer is required to have a wavelength monitor, which controls the wavelength ofthe laser on timescales of femtoseconds to ensure the highest precision and lowest drift performance.
The analyzer measurement cavity should have a sample volume <40 ml allowing for extremely fast gas sample throughput and minimal memory.
The system should be field deployable and robust
Measurement range should be stable and satisfy following criteria as dry mole fraction after correction for water vapour: For N2O: 300 ppb – 150 ppm; For CH4 : 1.5 – 12 ppm; For CO2 : 380 ppm- 4500 ppm; For NH3 : 0-300 ppb; For H2O : 0-3 %
Temporal resolution of data should be better than 10 s per measurement to enable flux measurements
Precision of raw signal should be better than 0.05% of the reading + 30 ppb for N2O, 0.05% of the reading + 10 ppb for CH4, 0.05% of the reading + 600 ppb for CO2, 0.05% of the reading + 5 ppb for NH3, and 500 ppm for H2O
Rise- Fall of Gas Response (10-90% and 90-10%) should be better than 10 s
All measured values should be mole fractions of dry air
Should have inbuilt interference detection software that flags data which may be inaccurate due to spectroscopic interferences
Should be able to handle sample air temperatures of -5 to 45 degree Celsius
Should be able to handle sample ambient humidity upto 99%
Should be fitted with a high quality in-line particle filter to prevent particles from biomass burning plumes from entering the instrument
Should have 16 port manifold for automated source switching and calibration
Rack mounting should be possible
Should come with a compatible pump for recirculation of air during chamber measurements
Frequency Range and Resolution
The frequency range of a Spectrum Analyzer determines the lowest and highest frequencies it can measure. The resolution bandwidth indicates the smallest frequency interval that the device can detect. A wide frequency range and high resolution are essential for comprehensive signal analysis.
Amplitude Range and Sensitivity
The amplitude range represents the minimum and maximum signal power that a Spectrum Analyzer can measure. Sensitivity refers to the smallest signal level that can be detected above the noise floor. A broad amplitude range and high sensitivity allow the analyzer to handle weak and strong signals effectively.
Display and Interface
The display of a Spectrum Analyzer is crucial for visualizing signal characteristics. Modern analyzers often feature high-resolution color screens with intuitive graphical interfaces, making it easier for users to interpret data.
Real-Time Analysis and Spectrogram
Real-Time Spectrum Analyzers provide instantaneous signal capture and analysis, enabling users to detect transient and intermittent signals. Spectrogram displays help visualize signal changes over time, aiding in troubleshooting and understanding signal behavior.
This type of spectrum analyzer uses the superheterodyne principle. A local oscillator converts the incoming signal down to a fixed frequency IF. By sweeping the local oscillator using a ramp voltage, it is possible to scan a range of frequencies. If the ramp voltage is also linked to the horizontal axis of the display and the vertical axis to the detected level of the signal, then a display of the spectrum is seen.
The Fast Fourier Transform, FFT spectrum analyzer uses digital techniques. The incoming signal is sampled and successive samples are passed to an FFT processor to process the signal. The FFT processor provides all the signal processing so that spectrum information can be passed on to a control and display processor to be displayed.
One of the issues with an FFT analyzer is that transient signals can be missed between successive samples for the FFT processor. To overcome this, a real time spectrum analyzer takes samples that overlap in time. In this way, and transient that occurs will be captured and can be analyzed. Real time spectrum analyzers are particularly useful for analyzing RF systems that are driven by processors as glitches and transients can occur. They are also very useful for capturing various forms of modulation and for frequency hopping systems.
Although USB spectrum analyzers are possibly not a different type of analyzer as such, they probably warrant a section as they provide a very cost effective way of creating a spectrum analyzer. By capturing the waveform and undertaking the processing in a specifically designed FPGA, the processed information can be passed to a computer over a USB interface to be displayed. This saves considerable cost and space.
Signal levels– One may use a spectrum analyzer to determine the signal’s amplitude in the frequency domain.
Phase Noise – It may readily detect phase noise by measuring the spectral content and doing the measurements in the frequency domain. Cathode ray oscilloscope output shows waves as a result.
Harmonic distortion – This is a crucial question before evaluating the signal strength. Total harmonic distortion (THD) is used to assess signal strength. There has to be protection for the signal against fluctuations. Achieving a low degree of harmonic distortion is also crucial to preventing wasteful energy and money losses.
Intermodulation distortion– While modulating the signal, intermediate-level distortions are introduced depending on whether the signal is being modulated at a high or low frequency. To get a processed signal, it must eliminate this distortion.Intermodulation distortion is measured using a spectrum analyzer for this purpose. Processing of the signal might begin once it has been cleaned up by external circuitry.
Spurious Signals– These potentially harmful signals must be identified and blocked. There is no direct method of measuring these signals. Until they are quantified, they remain an uncharted signal.
Signal Frequency– Likewise, it must consider this. It is crucial to measure the frequency content of each signal since the spectrum of frequencies is so wide due to our usage of the analyzer at the radio frequency level. To study this spectrum, specialized equipment is required.
Spectral Masks – When examining spectral masks, spectrum analyzers are also useful.
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